IoT Based Environment Monitoring System
Project name: IoT Based Environment Monitoring System
For online monitoring : https://io.adafruit.com/
Download full project here : Front Page Link
Project body Link
On
“IoT Based Environment Monitoring System”
Submitted
By
Sohanoor Rahman
ID:
Mazedur Rahman
ID:
Md. Eazajul
Islam
ID:
Md. Samiul Islam
ID
:
Md.
Al Mamun Mia
ID:
Supervised by
Maksuda
Khatun
Sr.
Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
A
project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering.
Department
of Computer Science and Engineering
European
University of Bangladesh
2/4, Gabtoli, Mirpur,
Dhaka-1216
March 2022
CANDIDATES’
DECLARATION
This is
to certify that the work presented in this thesis/project, titled, “IoT Based Environment Monitoring System”, is the outcome of the investigation and research carried out by us under
the supervision of Maksuda Khatun.
It is
also declared that neither this thesis/project nor any part thereof has been
submitted anywhere else for the award of any degree, diploma or other
qualifications.
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CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This
thesis/project titled, “IoT Based Environment
Monitoring System”,
submitted by the group as mentioned in the candidates’ declaration page has
been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree B.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering in March 2022.
Signature
of Supervisor:
----------------------------------------
Maksuda
Khatun
Sr. Lecturer
Department
of Computer Science and Engineering
European
University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Signature
of Chairperson:
---------------------------------------------
Chairperson
Name
Associate
Professor and Chairperson
Department
of Computer Science and Engineering
European
University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We
would like to express our greatest gratitude to the people who helped and
supported us throughout this work. First and foremost, we would like to thank
our honorable supervisor, Maksuda Khatun,
Sr. Lecturer, Department of CSE, for giving us enormous support, advices and
valued guidance concerning this thesis.
We
are grateful to Md. Obaidur Rahman, Honorable Associate Professor and
Chairman, Department of CSE, Faculty of Engineering, European University of
Bangladesh (EUB) for his comments, encouragement and support.
We
are grateful to our respected coordinator
Maksuda Khatun, Lecturer, Department of CSE, Faculty of Engineering,
European University of Bangladesh (EUB) for kindly agreeing to examine my
thesis.
Next,
we would like to thank our family and friends for their valuable support to
complete this thesis.
Finally,
we would like to express my/our heartiest gratefulness to Almighty Allah for
His heavenly blessings. Without his blessings it would not possible to complete
my/our work successfully.
Thank
you all.
Authors
Sohanoor Rahman
Mazedur Rahman
Md. Eazajul Islam
Md. Samiul Islam
Md. Al Mamun Mia
ABBREVIATIONS
|
AC |
Alternating
Current |
|
DC |
Direct Current |
|
Wi-Fi |
Wireless
Technology |
|
MCU |
Microcontroller
Unit |
|
USB |
External Serial
Bus Interface |
|
PCB |
Printed Circuit
Board |
|
IC |
Integrated
Circuit |
|
GND |
Ground |
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SIM |
Subscriber
Identification Module |
|
Tx |
Transmitter |
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Rx |
Receiver |
|
Nc |
Normally Closed |
|
No |
Normally Open |
Table of Contents
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SL No. |
Chapter
Name |
Page
No. |
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01 |
Project Details Front Page |
I |
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02 |
Candidates
Declaration |
II |
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03 |
Certificate of Approval |
III |
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04 |
Acknowledgement |
IV |
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05 |
Abbreviations |
V |
|
06 |
Abstract |
X |
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Chapter
1: Introduction |
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1.1 |
Background |
1 |
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1.2 |
Objectives |
1 |
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1.2 |
Methodology |
2 |
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Chapter
2: Background |
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2.1 |
Literature
Review |
3-4 |
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Chapter
3: Related Works |
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|
3.1 |
System Model |
5 |
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3.2 |
Block Diagram |
5 |
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3.3 |
Circuit
Diagram |
6 |
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3.4 |
Working Principle |
6-7 |
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3.5 |
The
Project Prototype |
7 |
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3.6 |
Cost Analysis |
8 |
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Chapter
4: Hardware and Software |
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4.1 |
Required Instrument |
10 |
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4.2 |
Node
MCU |
09-11 |
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4.3 |
Switch Mood Power Supply |
11-16 |
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4.4 |
The
Smoothing Capacitor |
16-18 |
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4.5 |
5V Regulator IC |
18-19 |
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4.6 |
Temperature
Sensor |
19-20 |
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4.7 |
LCD Display |
20-21 |
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4.8 |
Gas
Sensor |
21-24 |
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4.9 |
Resistor |
24-25 |
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4.10 |
Buzzer |
25-26 |
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4.11 |
Arduino IDE |
27-28 |
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4.12 |
Proteus Software |
29 |
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4.13 |
Microcontroller
Code |
30-35 |
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Chapter
5: Conclusion |
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5.1 |
Advantages
|
36 |
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5.2 |
Disadvantages |
36 |
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5.3 |
Application |
36 |
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5.4 |
Future Scope of Work |
37 |
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5.5 |
Conclusion |
37 |
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References |
38-39 |
List of Figures
|
Figure No. |
Name |
Page
No. |
|
3.1 |
Block Diagram |
5 |
|
3.2 |
Circuit
Diagram |
6 |
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3.3 |
The Complete Prototype of the Project |
7 |
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4.1 |
Node
MCU |
11 |
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4.2 |
SMPS |
12 |
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4.3 |
Basic
Working Concept of an SMPS |
13 |
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4.4 |
SMPS Diagram |
15 |
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4.5 |
DC
Power Supply Way |
16 |
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4.6 |
Capacitor |
16 |
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4.7 |
The
Smoothing Capacitor |
18 |
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4.8 |
5V Regulator IC |
19 |
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4.9 |
Temperature
sensor |
20 |
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4.10 |
LCD Display |
21 |
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4.11 |
Gas
sensor |
22 |
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4.12 |
Resistor |
25 |
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4.13 |
Buzzer |
26 |
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4.14 |
Arduino Software Interface IDE |
28 |
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4.15 |
Proteus
Software Interface |
29 |
List of Tables
|
SL
No. |
Name |
Page No. |
|
3.1 |
Cost of Components with Price |
8 |
ABSTRACT
Today
environment monitoring becomes important for humans to ensure a safe and
wealthy life. Monitoring requirements are extremely different depending on the
environment, leading to specially appointed usage that needs adaptability. At
first circuit is designed by using hardware. In this project we are going to
build a Weather Station & data base with IoT Technology. Building a IoT
Weather Station & Database is a great learning experience. When we
completed this project, we will have a better understanding of how sensors
work, and how powerful the Arduino platform can be.
With this project as a base and
the experience gained, we will be able to easily build more complex projects in
the future. A Weather station is a device that collects data related to the weather
and environment using many different sensors & it stores a database with
IoT Platform. We used smoke & temperature sensor which collect the weather
smoke, temperature & humidity & send this data IoT Platform Using Node
MCU via internet. after storage this data next time collected this data for
data analyzing.
In
comparison to other closely related systems, the proposed system is a low-cost
one, accurate and user friendly. It is also cloud-based and has easy monitoring
and data visualization modules. The system has been evaluated in different
stages. After testing all the functions in different conditions, it shows a
high degree of accuracy and reliability.
Introduction
1.1
Background
Weather and climate are among the foremost factors
which determine how a society develops in geographical region. Weather usually
describes the particular event or condition for the short period of time such
as hours or days whereas climate refers to the behavior of the atmosphere to a
place over many years. On the other hand, weather includes current atmospheric
conditions such as the temperature, precipitation, humidity and the wind while
climate describes the general weather conditions of a certain area over a long
period of time. Weather data are important in our daily life. The data
collected such as rainfall and temperature can be used to serve as a
precautionary measure to against natural calamity or disaster such as flood and
drought. Besides that, it is important for others to plan the works. For
example, in the construction industry, the weather data is important for a
project manager to plan their schedule so that the project will complete on
time. The weather data collected, or a long period are used to predict the
climate change in future trends. The weather data collected for the past decade
can be used to analysis in order to identify the pattern of climate change.
Weather station is one of the devices to collect the weather data. The weather
data such as precipitation, humidity, temperature, and wind speed can be
collected by using this device. The usage of weather station is increasing
popularity among the nation.
1.2 Objectives
We have some specific
objectives for this project, and they are pointed below:
·
Design
& Construction of a IoT Based Environment
Monitoring System.
·
Implementation
of automatic temperature monitoring system.
·
Implement
Automatic Smoke Monitoring System.
1.3 Methodology
Our methodology for the project:
Ø Design and construction of a IoT Based Environment Monitoring System block diagram to know which components need to construct it.
Ø Collecting the all components and programming
for the controller to controlled the system.
Ø Setting all components in a PCB board &
soldering. Then assembling the whole block in a board and finally run the
system & checking.
Background
2.1 Literature Review
P.Raja,
Swapnil sBagwari et alia (2018) presented a MASS( military assistance and
security system) that uses several kinds of the sensor to notice the soldier
featuring their place, wellness as well as wellness troubles, environments,
delivering information to the base station, etc. being a wearable device it
tracks the rhythm fee aside from delivering the respective documents to the
base station as well as by utilizing GPS element the spot can conveniently
additionally be kept an eye on using armed forces base station. Thinking about
that it is wearable instalment will undoubtedly be cost-effective and are
heading to add a massive bundle weight for soldier Minals.
Ghute,
KanchanP.Kamble, MridulKorde et al (2018) discussed an army surveillance
automated system that features an atypical system, which is going to certain ly
inspect the setting in various unsafe health and wellness conditions along with
supply on the internet video reviews. Gyro sensor has been used to relocate
robotic in uneven locations, metallic detection for landmines [15]. It utilizes
a Bluetooth link for cordless communication via a mobile application that makes
it very marginal. AdityaPrakash, Raheewalambe et al (2018) explained regarding
uncomplicated armed forces monitoring robot along with the controls for transferring
face, back, right, left behind as well as additionally quit are being received
coming from the remote driver and additionally accordingly the input is
supplied to the Raspberry private investigator 3 which makes the robot
arrangement answer based on the guidelines provided. The Kinect sensor
functionalities like a video camera along with additional functionality of
magnitude dimension i.e. it reveals the range of object coming from on its own
by personifying the product like grayscale worths varying coming from 0 to 255
where 0 amounts to dark which indicates the object is closed as well as
likewise 255 total up to white tinted which indicates things a greater
distance.
Siva
karteekbolisetti, Mohammad pathway, Mohamed Abdel-magid et alia (2017) planned
Radio Frequency picking up situated aim at the sensor which is assumed to
supply a power reliable solution to the complication of intending for detection
under the noticing issues. The sensor nodes are required to function in serious
noticing settings in the visibility of clutter and also meddling indicators.
Making use of a simply reduced complexity target detector at the private sensor
nodes may be taken a look at where the sensor nodes can easily assisting make a
preparatory option before transferring the info to the command location [11].
This
decreases the uniformity of information swap in between the sensor nodes as
well as likewise the management resource thus rearing the life-time of the
IoT.70% security has been accomplished. Ghanem Osman ElhajAbdalla, T.
Veeramanikandasamyet alia (2017) carried out a Spy Robotic for A Monitoring
System using the Internet Technique of Raspberry Pi a Raspbian operating system
located spy robot system with remote monitoring as well as management formula
using the Internet of Things (IoT). The information relating to the detection
of staying objects by PIR sensor is delivered to the clients using the internet
server in addition to private detective video camera catch the relocating
traits which are provided inside the web site concurrently [14].
Majdghareeb,
Alibazzi, mohamadraad, shamihabdulnabi et al (2017) supplied Wireless Robo
private eye for landmine detection as an affordable automated mine detector
that is heading to modify the current private sensors in the goal of finding
and also taking out mines in an assumed area of land. This sensor will
wirelessly call a server to deliver the site of discovered mines or even
metallic and likewise took hold of the image of the property where it is
located. As a result of the simple fact that the sensor is raspberry private
detective based our experts can make it as iot based for additional
interaction.
Widodo
Budiharto et al (2014) developed a Tracked Robotic alongside Remote Control for
Surveillance, the efficiency of the robotic dwells in terms of the closeness
and also the capability to supply on the web video streaming coming from the
outcome raspberry private eye and 2.4 GHz online video transmitter. Speculative
results with a variety of span current that the best optimal distance for
broadcasting the purchases not much more than twenty gauges. The sensor system
is truly affordable thinking that it simply makes use of a 1-period sensor. The
ordinary speed raspberry pi to provide a video clip streaming is 33 fps that
ample security. The main weak point of sort of ultrasound examination sensor is
the disturbance in between different sensors and the limited ability to
pinpoint the problem.
Related Workss
3.1
System Model
In this
system here we use a microcontroller for controlling this whole system. Also
use here SMPS, Voltage Regulator, Temperature sensor, Gas Sensor and LCD
Display. All the equipment’s are work together when power will input of this
system.
3.2 Block Diagram
In this chapter
fully cover with discuss design and fabrication of this project. Here we will
discuss about developed block diagram and briefly describe about the circuit
description and learn about working principle. Total project flow chart is also
available in this chapter.
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram
3.3 Circuit Diagram
Figure
3.2: Circuit Diagram
3.4 Working Principle
Digital Weather
Station Data Storage project consists of parameters monitoring, parameter
Storage. We have used Node MCU as a main component of the project. Two sensors
are included this project such as temperature sensor, Gas sensor module for
collected the various data of weather. This project consists of two basic
parts. First is Data Monitoring & other is data storage via internet. A
display Unit will show the value of parameters. This will help for the person
to know the values, for this purpose we are going to use various Sensors. This
system is useful because many times It’s difficult to measure the parameter
Values manually and this module is more accurate than the domestic system. Here
we used two sensors one of gas sensing and another one temperature sensor this
sensor is input device of this project. We used Node MCU as main brain of this
project. A LCD display we used as a output device which can displaying all
information of this project. Sensor sensing the gas & temperature from
surrounding environment then send this signal Node MCU. Node MCU calculate
& analyzed this signal then displays it on the screen.
3.5 The Project Prototype
The complete prototype
of our project is shown below:
Figure
3.3: The Complete Prototype of the Project
3.6 Cost Analysis
In
the below table we have summarized our project expenditure.
Table
3.1: Cost of Components with Price
|
Sl. no |
Particulars |
Specification |
Qty. |
Unit Price (Taka) |
Total Price (Taka) |
|
1 |
Node MCU |
ESP8266 |
1 |
580 |
580 |
|
2 |
Temperature Sensor |
DHT 11 |
1 |
220 |
220 |
|
3 |
SMPS |
5V, 5Amp |
1 |
450 |
450 |
|
4 |
Gas Sensor
|
MQ2 |
1 |
180 |
180 |
|
5 |
LCD
Display |
16*2 |
1 |
420 |
420 |
|
6 |
Active
Buzzer |
5v |
1 |
20 |
50 |
|
7 |
Others |
|
1 |
1250 |
1500 |
|
Total |
3400/= |
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Hardware and Software
4.1 Required Instrument
1.
Node MCU
2.
LCD Display
3.
Temperature Sensor
4.
Gas Sensor
5.
SMPS
6.
Voltage Regulator
7.
Capacitor
8.
Resistor
9.
Buzzer
4.2 Node MCU
Node
MCU is an open-source firmware for which open-source prototyping board designs
are available. The name "Node MCU" combines "node" and
"MCU" (micro-controller unit). The term "Node MCU" strictly
speaking refers to the firmware rather than the associated development kits.
Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.
The
firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua
project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open
source projects, such as lua-cjson and SPIFFS. Due to resource constraints,
users need to select the modules relevant for their project and build a
firmware tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been
implemented.
The
prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual
in-line package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller
surface-mounted board containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP
format allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was initially was
based on the ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with
a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications.
Features:
Wi-Fi
Module – ESP-12E module similar to ESP-12 module but with 6 extra GPIOs. USB –
micro USB port for power, programming and debugging Headers – 2x 2.54mm 15-pin
header with access to GPIOs, SPI, UART, ADC, and power pins Misc. – Reset and
Flash buttons Power – 5V via micro USB port Dimensions – 49 x 24.5 x 13mm Node
MCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30, 2013,
Espressif Systems began production of the ESP8266. The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi SoC
integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications
(see related projects). Node MCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed
the first file of NodeMCU-firmware to GitHub. Two months later, the project
expanded to include an open-hardware platform when developer Huang R committed
the gerber file of an ESP8266 board, named devkit v0.9. Later that month, Tuan
PM ported MQTT client library from Contac to the ESP8266 SoC platform, and
committed to Node MCU project, then Node MCU was able to support the MQTT IoT
protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker. Another important update was
made on 30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glib to Node MCU project,
enabling Node MCU to easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA displays. In
summer 2015 the creators abandoned the firmware project and a group of
independent contributors took over. By summer 2016 the Node MCU included more
than 40 different modules. Due to resource constraints users need to select the
modules relevant for their project and build a firmware tailored to their
needs.
ESP8266 Arduino Core:
As
Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on non-AVR processors like the
ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino Due, they needed to modify the Arduino IDE
so that it would be relatively easy to change the IDE to support alternate
toolchains to allow Arduino C/C++ to be compiled for these new processors. They
did this with the introduction of the Board Manager and the SAM Core. A
"core" is the collection of software components required by the Board
Manager and the Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file for the
target MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 enthusiasts developed an Arduino
core for the ESP8266 WiFi SoC, popularly called the "ESP8266 Core for the
Arduino IDE". This has become a leading software development platform for
the various ESP8266-based modules and development boards, including Node MCUs.
Figure 4.1: Node MCU
Applications of NODEMCU
The
Prototyping of IoT devices
It
has Low power battery operated applications
Used
in Network projects
The
Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
functionalities
4.3 Switch Mode Power Supply
(SMPS):
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power supply, switched power supply, SMPS, or switcher)
is an electronic power supply that
incorporates a switching
regulator to convert
electrical power efficiently.
Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source
(often mains
power) to DC loads,
such as a personal
computer, while
converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear
power supply, the
pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very
little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy.
A hypothetical ideal switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio
of on-to-off time (also known as duty cycles). In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the
output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important
advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may
also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the
smaller transformer size and weight.
|
|
|
Figure
4.2: SMPS
Switching regulators are used as
replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or
lighter weight are required. They are, however, more complicated; their
switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully
suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor power factor.
Switched-mode power supplies are classified
according to the type of input and output voltages. The four major categories
are:
- AC
to DC
- DC
to DC
- DC
to AC
- AC
to AC
A basic isolated AC to DC switched-mode power
supply consists of:
- Input
rectifier and filter
- Inverter
consisting of switching devices such as MOSFETs
- Transformer
- Output
rectifier and filter
- Feedback
and control circuit
The input DC supply from a rectifier or
battery is fed to the inverter where it is turned on and off at high
frequencies of between 20 KHz and 200 KHz by the switching MOSFET or power
transistors. The high-frequency voltage pulses from the inverter are fed to the
transformer primary winding, and the secondary AC output is rectified and
smoothed to produce the required DC voltages. A feedback circuit monitors the
output voltage and instructs the control circuit to adjust the duty cycle to
maintain the output at the desired level.
Figure 4.3: Basic working concept
of an SMPS
A switching regulator does the
regulation in the SMPS. A series switching element turns the current supply to
a smoothing capacitor on and off. The voltage on the capacitor controls the
time the series element is turned. The continuous switching of the capacitor
maintains the voltage at the required level.
Design basics
AC power first passes through fuses
and a line filter. Then it is rectified by a full-wave bridge rectifier. The
rectified voltage is next applied to the power
factor correction (PFC)
pre-regulator followed by the downstream DC-DC converter(s). Most computers and
small appliances use the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) style input connector. As for output connectors and
pinouts, except for some industries, such as PC and compact PCI, in general,
they are not standardized and are left up to the manufacturer.
There are different circuit configurations
known as topologies, each having unique characteristics, advantages and modes
of operation, which determines how the input power is transferred to the
output.
Most of the commonly used topologies such as
flyback, push-pull, half bridge and full bridge, consist of a transformer to
provide isolation, voltage scaling, and multiple output voltages. The
non-isolated configurations do not have a transformer and the power conversion
is provided by the inductive energy transfer.
Advantages
of switched-mode power supplies:
- Higher
efficiency of 68% to 90%
- Regulated
and reliable outputs regardless of variations in input supply voltage
- Small
size and lighter
- Flexible
technology
- High
power density
Disadvantages:
- Generates
electromagnetic interference
- Complex
circuit design
- Expensive
compared to linear supplies
Switched-mode power supplies are used to
power a wide variety of equipment such as computers, sensitive electronics,
battery-operated devices and other equipment requiring high efficiency.
Linear voltage IC regulators have been
the basis of power supply designs for many years as they are very good at
supplying a continuous fixed voltage output. Linear voltage regulators are
generally much more efficient and easier to use than equivalent voltage
regulator circuits made from discrete components such a zener diode and a
resistor, or transistors and even op-amps.
Figure
4.4: SMPS Diagram
The most popular linear and fixed
output voltage regulator types are by far the 78… positive output voltage
series, and the 79… negative output voltage series. These two types of
complementary voltage regulators produce a precise and stable voltage output
ranging from about 5 volts up to about 24 volts for use in many electronic
circuits. There is a wide range of these three-terminal fixed voltage
regulators available each with its own built-in voltage regulation and current
limiting circuits. This allows us to create a whole host of different power
supply rails and outputs, either single or dual supply, suitable for most
electronic circuits and applications. There are even variable voltage linear
regulators available as well providing an output voltage which is continually
variable from just above zero to a few volts below its maximum voltage output.
Most d.c. power supplies comprise of a
large and heavy step-down mains transformer, diode rectification, either
full-wave or half-wave, a filter circuit to remove any ripple content from the
rectified d.c. producing a suitably smooth d.c. voltage, and some form of
voltage regulator or stabiliser circuit, either linear or switching to ensure
the correct regulation of the power supplies output voltage under varying load
conditions. Then a typical d.c. power supply would look something like this:
Typical DC Power Supply
Figure
4.5: DC Power supply way
These typical power supply designs
contain a large mains transformer (which also provides isolation between the
input and output) and a dissipative series regulator circuit. The regulator
circuit could consist of a single zener diode or a three-terminal linear series
regulator to produce the required output voltage. The advantage of a linear
regulator is that the power supply circuit only needs an input capacitor,
output capacitor and some feedback resistors to set the output voltage.
4.4 The Smoothing Capacitor
When there is a potential
difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a
battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive
charge (+Q) to collect on one plate and negative charge (-Q) to collect on the
other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient
amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if an
accelerating or alternating voltage is applied across the leads of the
capacitor, a displacement current can flow.
Figure 4.6: Capacitor
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its
capacitance. Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge (Q)
on each conductor to the potential Difference (V). The SI unit of capacitance
is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Typical
capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3 F). The
capacitance is greater when there is a narrower separation between conductors
and when the conductors have a larger surface area.
In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, known as the
breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance
and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking
direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter
networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant circuits they
tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems,
they stabilize voltage and power flow.
The full-wave bridge rectifier, however, gives us a greater mean DC value
(0.637 V max) with less superimposed ripple while the output waveform is twice
that of the frequency of the input supply frequency. We can improve the average
DC output of the rectifier while at the same time reducing the AC variation of
the rectified output by using smoothing capacitors to filter the output
waveform. Smoothing or reservoir capacitors connected in parallel with the load
across the output of the full wave bridge rectifier circuit increases the
average DC output level even higher as the capacitor acts like a storage device
as shown below. Too low a capacitance value and the capacitor has little effect
on the output waveform. But if the smoothing capacitor is sufficiently large
enough (parallel capacitors can be used) and the load current is not too large,
the output voltage will be almost as smooth as pure DC.
Figure 4.7: The Smoothing Capacitor with Full Bridge Rectifier
4.5 5V
Regulator IC
Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations
resulting in not providing fixed voltage outputs. A voltage regulator IC
maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a member of 78xx
series of fixed linear voltage regulators used to maintain such fluctuations,
is a popular voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). The xx in 78xx
indicates the output voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated
power supply with provisions to add a heat sink.
7805 IC Rating:
·
Input voltage range 7V- 35V
·
Current rating Ic = 1A
·
Output voltage range V. Max=5.2V ,V. Min=4.8V
Figure 4.8: 5V
Regulator IC
Application areas
for 7805 IC
·
Fixed-Output Regulator
·
Positive voltage Regulator
in Negative voltage Configuration
·
Adjustable Output
Regulator
·
Current Regulator
·
Adjustable DC Voltage
Regulator
·
Regulated Dual-Supply
·
Output
Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit
·
Reverse bias projection
Circuit
4.6 Temperature
Sensor
The DHT11 is a basic, ultra-low-cost
digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive
humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and
spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). Its
fairly simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data.
Figure 4.9 : Temperature sensor
DHT11 Specifications:
·
Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V
·
Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA
(standby)
·
Output: Serial data
·
Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
·
Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
·
Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are
16-bit
·
Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%
4.7 LCD Display
LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &
even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2
LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data.
|
|
|
Figure 4.10: 16*2 LCD Display |
The command register
stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction
given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.
Features
of LCD Display
·
5 x 8 dots with cursor
·
Built-in controller (KS 0066 or
Equivalent) + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V) 1/16 duty cycle
·
B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin
15, pin 16 or A.K (LED) N.V. optional for + 3V power supply.
4.8 Gas Sensor
The utility model can be used for gas leakage monitoring
devices in families and factories, and is suitable for the detection of
liquefied petroleum gas, butane, propane, methane, Hydrogen, smoke,
etc. This is a very easy to use low cost semiconductor Gas sensor Module
with analog and digital output.
Figure 4.11: MQ 2 Gas Sensor
Features:
·
Adopt high quality double panel design, with power
indication and TTL signal output indication.
·
It has DO switch signal (TTL) output and AO analog signal
output.
·
TTL output valid signal is low level. When the output is
low, the signal light is on, and the microcontroller or relay module can be
directly connected.
·
The analog output voltage increases with the concentration,
the higher the voltage.
·
It has better sensitivity to liquefied petroleum gas,
natural gas, urban gas and smoke.
·
MQ-2 MQ2 Smoke Gas LPG Butane Methane Sensor Detector Module
·
With four screw holes, easy to locate.
·
Product size: 32 (L), *20 (W), *22 (H)
·
With long service life and reliable stability.
·
Fast response recovery features
Specifications:
·
Input voltage: DC5V
·
Power dissipation (current): 150mA
·
DO output: TTL, numeric quantities 0 and 1 (0.1 and 5V)
·
AO output: 0.1-0.3V (relatively pollution-free), the highest
concentration of about 4V voltage
·
Special reminder: after the sensor is energized, you need to
preheat 20S or so, the data to be stable, sensor heating is a normal
phenomenon, because the internal heating wire, if hot, it is not normal.
Connection
mode:
·
VCC: power supply positive (5V)
·
GND: power supply negative pole
·
DO:TTL switch signal output
·
AO: analog signal output
·
Functions: This version supporting test procedures
·
Using chips: AT89S52
·
Crystal oscillator: 11.0592MHZ
·
Since this Gas Sensor module is sensitive to smoke it can be
used in for fire detection. MQ2 Gas Sensor is also sensitive to
flammable/combustible gasses like LPG, Propane & Hydrogen.
·
Baud rate: 9600
Internal structure of MQ2 Gas Sensor
The sensor is actually enclosed in two layers of fine
stainless steel mesh called Anti explosion network. It
ensures that heater element inside the sensor will not cause an explosion, as
we are sensing flammable gases.
It also provides protection for the sensor and filters
out suspended particles so that only gaseous elements are able to pass inside
the chamber. The mesh is bound to rest of the body via a copper plated clamping
ring.
This is how the sensor looks like when outer mesh is
removed. The star-shaped structure is formed by the sensing element and six
connecting legs that extend beyond the Bakelite base. Out of six, two leads (H)
are responsible for heating the sensing element and are connected through Nickel-Chromium
coil, well known conductive alloy.
The remaining four leads (A & B)
responsible for output signals are connected using Platinum Wires.
These wires are connected to the body of the sensing element and convey small
changes in the current that passes through the sensing element.
The tubular sensing element is made up of Aluminum
Oxide (AL2O3) based ceramic and has a
coating of Tin Dioxide (SnO2). The Tin
Dioxide is the most important material being sensitive towards combustible
gases. However, the ceramic substrate merely increases heating efficiency and
ensures the sensor area is heated to a working temperature constantly.
So, the Nickel-Chromium coil and Aluminum Oxide based
ceramic forms a Heating System; while Platinum wires and
coating of Tin Dioxide forms a Sensing System.
How does a
gas sensor work?
When tin dioxide (semiconductor particles) is heated in
air at high temperature, oxygen is adsorbed on the surface. In clean air, donor
electrons in tin dioxide are attracted toward oxygen which is adsorbed on the
surface of the sensing material. This prevents electric current flow.
In the presence of reducing gases, the surface density of
adsorbed oxygen decreases as it reacts with the reducing gases. Electrons are
then released into the tin dioxide, allowing current to flow freely through the
sensor.
4.9 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce
current flow, and, at the sometime, act to lower voltage levels within
circuits. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as
those founding thermostats, visitors, trimmers, photo resistors, hamsters and
potentiometers. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the
voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by
Ohm's law.
Figure 4.12: Resistor
Theory of operation:
The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship
specified by Ohm ‘slaw:
V = I.R
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is
proportional to the current (I), where the constant of proportionality is the
resistance (R).
Equivalently, Ohm's law can be stated:
I = V/R
This formulation states that the current (I) is proportional
to the voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R). This is
directly used in practical computations. For example, if a 300 ohm resistor is
attached across the terminals of a12 volt battery, then a current of12 / 300 =
0.04 amperes flows through that resistor.
4.10
Buzzer
An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be
electromechanical or piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of
this is to convert the signal from audio to sound. Generally, it is powered
through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms,
computers, etc.
Based on the various designs, it can generate different
sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren. The pin configuration of the buzzer
is shown below. It includes two pins namely positive and negative. The positive
terminal of this is represented with the ‘+’ symbol or a longer terminal. This
terminal is powered through 6Volts whereas the negative terminal is represented
with the ‘-‘symbol or short terminal and it is connected to the GND terminal.
Figure
4.13: Buzzer
Specifications
Ø The specifications of the buzzer
include the following.
Ø Color is black
Ø The frequency range is 3,300Hz
Ø Operating Temperature ranges
from – 20° C to +60°C
Ø Operating voltage ranges from 3V
to 24V DC
Ø The sound pressure level is
85dBA or 10cm
Ø The supply current is below 15mA
Working Principle
The working principle of a buzzer
depends on the theory that, once the voltage is given across a piezoelectric material,
then a pressure difference is produced. A piezo type includes piezo crystals
among two conductors.
Once a potential disparity is
given across these crystals, then they thrust one conductor & drag the
additional conductor through their internal property. So this continuous action
will produce a sharp sound signal.
4.11
Arduino IDE
The digital microcontroller
unit named as Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software IDE.
There is no any requirement for installing other software rather than Arduino.
Firstly, Select "Arduino Nano from the Tools, Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on our board). The IC used named as ATmega328 on the Arduino
Nano comes pre burned with a boot loader that allows us to upload new code to
it without the use of an external hardware programmer.
Communication is using the
original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). We can also bypass the
boot loader and programs the microcontroller through the ICSP (In Circuit
Serial Programming) header. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards)
firmware source code is available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU boot
loader, which can be activated by:
On Rev1 boards: connecting
the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then
resetting the 8U2. On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling
the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
The Arduino Nano is one of
the latest digital microcontroller units and has a number of facilities for
communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The
ATmega328 provides UART TTL at (5V) with serial communication, which is
available on digital pins 0 -(RX) for receive the data and pin no.1 (TX) for
transmit the data. An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the
computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external
driver is needed. However, on Windows, an .in file is required. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent
to and from the Arduino board.
The RX and TX LEDs on the
board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and
USB connection to the computer (but not for serial Communication on pins 0 and
1). A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the
Nano's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI
communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of
the I2C bus. Arduino programs are written in C or C++ and the program code
written for Arduino is called sketch. The Arduino IDE uses the GNU tool chain
and AVR Lab to compile programs, and for uploading the programs it uses argued.
As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers, Atmel's development
environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop
software for the Arduino.
Figure
4.14: Arduino Software Interface IDE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software
(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It
connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate
with them.
Writing Sketches
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These
sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension.
ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing
text. The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also
displays errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software
(IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The bottom
right hand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port.
The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and
save sketches, and open the serial monitor.
4.12 Proteus Software
The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary
software tool suite used primarily for electronic design automation. The
software is used mainly by electronics design engineers and technicians to
create schematics and electronics prints for manufacturing printed circuit
boards.
The first version of what is now the Proteus
Design Suite was called PC-B and was written by the company chairman, John
Jameson, for DOS in 1988. Schematic Capture support followed in 1990 with a
port to the Windows environment shortly thereafter. Mixed mode SPICE Simulation
was first integrated into Proteus in 1996 and microcontroller simulation then
arrived in Proteus in 1998. Shape based auto routing was added in 2002 and 2006
saw another major product update with 3D Board Visualization. More recently, a
dedicated IDE for simulation was added in 2011 and MCAD import/export was
included in 2015. Support for high speed design was added in 2017. Feature led
product releases are typically biannual, while maintenance-based service packs
are released as required.
Figure
4.15: Proteus Software Interface
4.13 Microcontroller Code
Install this code to https://io.adafruit.com/
#include
<Wire.h>
#include
<LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C
lcd(0x27 , 16,2);
#include
<SimpleDHT.h> //
Data ---> D3 VCC ---> 3V3 GND ---> GND
#include
<ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include
"Adafruit_MQTT.h"
#include
"Adafruit_MQTT_Client.h"
//
WiFi parameters
#define
WLAN_SSID "abcde"
#define
WLAN_PASS "123456789"
//
Adafruit IO
#define
AIO_SERVER
"io.adafruit.com"
#define
AIO_SERVERPORT 1883
#define
AIO_USERNAME "samiul"
#define
AIO_KEY
"aio_zzrG72lmNmNEwE4c9Kwd8IgLmy2b"
WiFiClient
client;
//
Setup the MQTT client class by passing in the WiFi client and MQTT server and
login details.
Adafruit_MQTT_Client
mqtt(&client, AIO_SERVER, AIO_SERVERPORT, AIO_USERNAME, AIO_KEY);
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish
Temperature1 = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"/feeds/temperature");
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish
Humidity1 = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"/feeds/humidity");
Adafruit_MQTT_Publish
smoke11 = Adafruit_MQTT_Publish(&mqtt, AIO_USERNAME
"/feeds/smoke");
int
pinDHT11 = D5;
int
smoke = D6;
int
smoke1;
SimpleDHT11
dht11(pinDHT11);
byte
hum = 0; //Stores humidity value
byte
temp = 0; //Stores temperature value
void
setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(D6,INPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
Serial.println(F("Adafruit IO
Example"));
// Connect to WiFi access point.
Serial.println(); Serial.println();
delay(10);
Serial.print(F("Connecting to "));
Serial.println(WLAN_SSID);
WiFi.begin(WLAN_SSID, WLAN_PASS);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(F("."));
}
Serial.println();
Serial.println(F("WiFi
connected"));
Serial.println(F("IP address: "));
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
// connect to adafruit io
connect();
}
//
connect to adafruit io via MQTT
void
connect() {
Serial.print(F("Connecting to Adafruit
IO... "));
int8_t ret;
while ((ret = mqtt.connect()) != 0) {
switch (ret) {
case 1: Serial.println(F("Wrong
protocol")); break;
case 2: Serial.println(F("ID
rejected")); break;
case 3: Serial.println(F("Server
unavail")); break;
case 4: Serial.println(F("Bad
user/pass")); break;
case 5: Serial.println(F("Not
authed")); break;
case 6: Serial.println(F("Failed to
subscribe")); break;
default:
Serial.println(F("Connection failed")); break;
}
if(ret >= 0)
mqtt.disconnect();
Serial.println(F("Retrying
connection..."));
delay(10000);
}
Serial.println(F("Adafruit IO
Connected!"));
}
void
loop() {
// ping adafruit io a few times to make sure
we remain connected
if(! mqtt.ping(3)) {
// reconnect to adafruit io
if(! mqtt.connected())
connect();
}
smoke1
= digitalRead(D6);
if(smoke1 == LOW){
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Smoke Detected ");
delay(2000);
}
if(smoke1 == HIGH){
}
dht11.read(&temp, &hum, NULL);
Serial.print((int)temp); Serial.print("
*C, ");
Serial.print((int)hum); Serial.println("
H");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("
Temp Humidity");
lcd.setCursor(2, 1);
lcd.print(temp);
lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
lcd.print(hum);
if ( Temperature1.publish(temp)) { //Publish to Adafruit
Serial.println(F("ok"));
}
delay(2000);
if ( Humidity1.publish(hum)) { //Publish to Adafruit
Serial.println(F("ok"));
}
delay(2000);
if ( smoke11.publish(smoke1)) { //Publish to Adafruit
Serial.println(F("ok"));
}
delay(2000);
}
Conclusions
5.1 Advantage
There are certainly many advantages of our project
and some of the major ones have been given below:
• The system
shows the present weather condition on LCD display.
• Saves time
and physical work.
• This
project is easy to use.
• This
project can be measured Temperature, Humidity, detect gas & Storage This
Data Via Internet.
5.2 Disadvantages
This project has some disadvantages. These are –
Ø Internet connectivity is a must to drive this project smoothly.
Ø Notification may delay for weak internet connection.
5.3 Application
The project is very
compact and uses a few components only. It can be implemented for several
applications; the project has a major application in the
• Power
grid.
• Factories.
• Mills and
Industrial areas.
• Weather
Monitoring Station.
• BTS Room
• Green
House
5.4 Future Scope of Work
We have few future scopes of work available to us for this
project. Some of these are listed below:
- In
Future Development To make it more efficient can be added in this project
more sensor & controlling system.
- In
future we are thinking to add alarming system for alert from unwanted
weather condition.
5.5 Conclusion
This
system is for measuring the parameters values and to detect the temperature,
humidity, Smoke Detector of Weather. This project Design and Implementation of
Weather Monitoring System & data storage used for controlling the devices
as well as monitoring the environmental parameters. Embedded controlled sensor
networks have proven themselves to be a reliable solution in providing remote
control and sensing for environmental monitoring systems. The sensors have been
integrated with the system to monitor and compute the level of existence of
temperature, humidity, & Smoke with IOT technologies. The sensors can
upload the data in web using serial Communication via internet.
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